by Dr. Elena Maria Celis

It is known that most of the 12 persistent organic pollutants identified by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) have been and continue to be used in Chile. There are just a few studies on organochlorines, most of them conducted in the 1980s, and little information to date on the other organic contaminants.

Despite the information from more developed countries with respect to the deleterious effects of these chemicals on people, it been impossible to change the laws governing the control, use, importation, and elimination of these products.

The purpose of this review to conduct a situation analysis of the use of persistent organic pollutants in Chile, on the environmental and human impact of acute and chronic exposure, and the situation before and after applicable legislation on some pollutants.

Over the past four decades, pesticides have been used continuously and increasingly, primarily in the agricultural and forestry sector. The Ministry of Agriculture, in Resolution No. 1178 dated 14 August 1984 establishes the standard that "all pesticides for agricultural use that are manufactured, imported, or used in the country must be recorded in the Pesticide Registry maintained by the Agricultural Protection Department of SAG."

This resolution, based on recommendations from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), considers the need for the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) in its regulatory and inspection capacity to have detailed information on the characteristics of each product used in the country.

A sizable number of studies were conducted in Chile during the 1980s, (56% of the works compiled). They demonstrated the persistence of the organochlorine pesticides in use in the environment, in animal meat (especially beef), and in fatty foods, especially in natural or artificial animal feeds. This led to legislation banning some organochlorines.

The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture are the two agencies involved in the control of pesticide residues. According to the Health Cope, the Ministry of Health is responsible for the control of pesticide residues in foods for direct human consumption. The Ministry of Agriculture, through the Agricultural and Livestock Service, is responsible for regulating the use of agricultural pesticides throughout the country, and for this purpose has issued a series of resolutions on the matter (HITSCHFELD, 1986).

Resolution No. 639 prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, and use of DDT. Official Journal 09.05.84.

Resolution No. 2142 prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, and distribution of dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane. Official Journal 24.10.87.

Resolution No. 2003 prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of aldrin. Official Journal 23.11.88.

The Ministry of Health, under Resolution No. 1450 of 13.12.83, establishes the maximum residue tolerances for 66 pesticides in food for domestic consumption.

The Ministry of Health, under Resolution No. 1437 of 03.11.86, establishes the maximum level of pesticide residues in animal feed for the purpose of sanctions.

The Ministry of Health indicates that independently or cumulatively the maximum residue level (MRL) should be no higher than 0.15 mg/kg (milk fat base), for aldrin and dieldrin, with an LD₅₀ of 39 and 46 respectively. In the case of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, the MRL is 0.15 mg/kg (milk fat base) and LD₅₀ of 40 and 62 respectively (Chile, Ministry of Health, 1983).

The polychlorinated biphenyl compounds are prohibited in electric systems. The regulations governing this area were issued in 1982 by the Electric Services and Gas Authority, a unit of the Ministry of Interior.

Regarding other POPs such as mirex and toxaphene, the SAG files contain no record of their entering the country since 1985; it is therefore deduced that they have neither been imported, produced, or marketed in the country. Their presence prior to that date is unknown, as pesticide registry was not compulsory.

There is no information on dioxins and furans.

Studies conducted between 1982 and 1984, before the ban on some organochlorines, where soil analyses were done in the Aconcagua Valley and along the coast in Puchuncaví in central Chile, indicated that 100% of the samples showed the presence of DDT, ppDDE, dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor residues (INIA).

Subsequent studies between 1987 and 1989 showed high levels of these same residues in the northern and central areas, with rates decreasing towards the southern part of the country. In Regions VI and VII, chiefly agricultural sectors, 84% and 71% of the samples, respectively, have organochlorine residues: dieldrin, aldrin; lindane, pp-DDE and chlordane. Region VIII shows a level of 80%, and organochlorine residues decline in Region IX; however, the same residues are again present in Region X, with the addition of DDT. Similar results are obtained from the INIA-1986 study on organochlorine residues in pastures analyzed in Regions IX and X, except for Chiloé.

In 1990, it was shown that in Valdivia in Region X, 100% of the samples from pastures were contaminated with hexachlorobenzene, 93% with DDT and 80% with (a +b )-HCH; there was also a significant presence of aldrin as well as the isomer pp-DDT. Heptachlor and dieldrin residues do not pose a great risk in the area studied.

The presence of these residues was also studied in the water in animal troughs, where 60% of the samples were contaminated with B-HCH, and relatively high values for HCB, heptachlor, and aldrin were found.

In 1987, the Universidad de la Frontera conducted a study indicating that, in Region IX, food staples such as beef and salmon were contaminated with DDT and DDE. Although the values obtained were lower than the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) by the Chilean standard, their presence indicated that DDT was being used in the area. In addition, it was noted that although DDT was not present in female cattle, its metabolite (DDE) was, and this would indicate the possibility of enzymatic degradation of DDT or more active elimination through milk.

In 1988, the Universidad Austral conducted studies on beef from public markets in Regions IX and X: of the examinations done, 26.18% showed concentrations higher than the MLP for organochlorines. There was no significant difference in terms of samples collected from males and females, or between one category and another. In steer, the most serious pesticide problem is with aldrin, at 75% above the MPL, a value that reached 80% in heifers.

Research conducted by the La Platina Experimental Station of INIA between 1986 and 1989 detected a high number of cases of organochlorine pesticide residues in perirenal fat in cattle. However, the concentration levels were lower than in previous studies: 10% of the 110 samples of bovine fat collected in slaughterhouses between the Metropolitan Region and Region XI were lower than]the MLP established in national and international standards. Of the organochlorine pesticide residues detected in perirenal fat, the most frequent were lindane (56%) and dieldrin/aldrin (46%). Also found were heptachlor and its epoxides (32%), and DDT and its metabolites (37%).

In the same study, but in meat samples collected from butcher’s shops and supermarkets, the same organochlorine pesticide residues were found in perirenal fats but at different percentages. Twenty-three percent of the meats analyzed exceeded the Maximum Residue Level established by the standard.

Pinto et al. (1986) published a study on perirenal fat in 1,000 cattle slaughtered in slaughterhouses in Regions IX and X, where they found organochlorine pesticide residue levels at percentages exceeding the Maximum Residue Level (ppm fat base) stipulated for the following organochlorine pesticides.

In 1987, this same group of researchers determined the residue levels for other organochlorine pesticides in 1,000 samples of perirenal fat from cattle collected from slaughterhouses in Regions IX, X and XI. The percentages that exceeded the maximum residue level (ppm fat base) stipulated for this work were as follows:

(*)11.6% of the samples were found to be positive for this chemical, but all were within the stipulated limit of tolerance.

From studies conducted, it was possible to compare the findings of 1982 (I. Triviño) with those of 1987 (Pinto) for DDT in pasteurized cow’s milk nationally. A reduction was observed in this chemical and its metabolites from 1.2 mg/kg base fatty matter to 0.03 mg/kg base fatty matter (MPL=1.25 mg/kg base fat, according to the legislation in force since 1983 in Chile), probably due to the ban of the use of this product since 1984.

Studies conducted in 1987 on cow’s milk samples from producers in Valdivia Province detected organochlorine pesticide residues exceeding the maximum permissible limit, especially heptachlor (44%); (a andb ) HCH (41.7%); aldrin + dieldrin (36.9%) and endrin (20.2%).

In 1987, Pinto et al. produced similar results in studies conducted in 12 dairies located in different parts of the country from Santiago southwards, demonstrating that in all the regions the values for aldrin + dieldrin, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide were above the MPL. It was also noted that the levels of lindane and endrin in all the regions studied were below the MPL.

In 1989, a study was conducted by the Universidad Austral of Chile (Region X) entitled "Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Milk and their Relationship to Food for Animal Use as Sources of Contamination." It demonstrated that pastures account for 36% of the organochlorine pesticides ingested daily; hay, 33%; and concentrate and drinking water, 23% and 8%, respectively. It concluded that the total daily intake of organochlorine pesticides through foods produced concentrations in pasteurized milk higher than the MPL under the current legislation (Chile, 1982). In the case of lindane, heptachlor epoxide and aldrin + dieldrin, the customary heat processes of pasteurization do decrease organochlorine pesticide levels.

In 1985 (Ciudad et al.) it was observed that in fruits from the central area (Metropolitan Region, Regions V, VI, VII and VIII) where 85% of total fruit exports are produced, the levels of organochlorine residues (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, DDT) in the fruit studied were much lower than the maximum levels permitted by the E.P.A.

In 1982, a study conducted in Region I (Azapa Valley) showed the presence of microquantities of aldrin, lindane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin in the fatty portion of olives and olive oil, thus confirming the use of these products in this Region.

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Eggs from the Metropolitan Region.

Studies conducted in egg production facilities in the Metropolitan Region showed that eggs for human consumption were contaminated with dieldrin and lindane (Dita Marcus et al., 1987). Subsequently (Montes et al., 1989), HCB, a and b HCH, aldrin, DDT and metabolites, endrin, heptachlor epoxide were also detected, but mirex was not. In both studies, the values found are much lower than the maximum permissible limits in Chile (Ministry of Health, 1982) and those established by FAO/WHO (1987). In addition, the conclusion is that the organochlorine pesticide residues found undoubtedly come from concentrates used to feed hens.

A Program to Monitor Organochlorine Pesticides conducted by the Ministry of Health from 1982 to 1987 in more than 3,000 food samples indicated that 20% of the samples were above the MPL.

Studies conducted by the I.N.I.A. (Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute) during the period 1987-1990 on food samples obtained from supermarkets in Santiago found organochlorine pesticide residues in almost all the products analyzed, according to the established standard, and in 23% of the beef samples. In addition, lindane, DDT, and chlordane was detected in wheat flour.

Studies done in Chile in 1978 (Demitroff, D.N.) and 1982 (Triviño, I.) showed an upward trend in the DDT concentrations in breast milk. In 1987 (Marcus, Dita), three years after the total ban on DDT, a significant reduction in this chemical in breast milk was found. All of the residues found corresponded to pp DDE, the principal metabolite of DDT; this would indicate that it related to old contamination. Traces of lindane were also found in this study.

Based on these findings, it was recommended that breast-feeding cease be interrupted at the start of the fourth month to prevent the risks stemming from DDT accumulation in infants.

Another study conducted in 1990 (Marcus, Dita) to determine the presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in different socioeconomic strata in the Metropolitan Region detected DDT and its metabolites DDE and lindane in all the samples. Forty-four percent of the samples from the upper socioeconomic stratum exceeded the MPL for DDT residues and metabolites. On the other hand, at the socioeconomic level under xx [text missing]. It is suggested that, in the case of DDT, these differences are due to the different types of food consumed by each group. The difference for lindane may be attributable to its widespread use in treating scabies and pediculosis in the lower socioeconomic strata.

In addition, the conclusion is that the degree of contamination in breast milk seen in this study in the Metropolitan Region would in no case indicate the need to restrict breast-feeding, a conclusion opposite to that of the study conducted in 1987 as mentioned above.

More recent research conducted in 1991 in Region X (Wistuba, D.Y.) found a high percentage of samples in rural areas above the MPL for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, DDT and its metabolites, aldrin + dieldrin, (a +b )BHC, lindane, and HCB. It was also possible to make comparisons with the results obtained from a study conducted in 1989 (Hermosilla) in Valdivia, an urban area in the same region.

(*)(a +b ) BHC: MPL 0.10 ppm, according to German standard.

This study also showed the relationship between beef contamination and pasteurized cow’s milk (1990, Pinto et al.) with the same organochlorines found in breast milk.

There are no other studies after this, although information on organochlorine residues in breast milk should be continually updated, especially in our country where the regulations in force only prohibit the use of some of them.

In Chile there are few studies on the effects of contamination in fish and birds, and those that do exist are recent and were conducted by researchers at Concepción University (O. Parra), in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Biology of Siena, Italy (S. Focardi, C. Fossi et al.).

In 1996, there was a study of the persistence of organochlorine residues in fish and aquatic birds in the Bío-Bío river in Region VIII. This study detected concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its metabolites, and isomers of BHC and HCB in fish and aquatic birds at different locations along the course of this river. High PCB levels were found in the area close to the mouth, reflecting massive use of this product in the urban and industrial areas of Concepción and Talcahuano. In the centermost part of the river high concentrations of lindane were found, consistent with the use of lindane as a pesticide in this area. DDT was distributed evenly along the entire course of the river, except in Lake Icalma, where the river begins near the Andes. The PCB residues most present in fish and birds were compounds of penta - hepta - chlorobiphenyls. Pentachlorobiphenyls predominate in fish, e.g., hexachlorobiphenyl (/PCB-153); in birds, PCB-180 predominates.

A study was recently presented by this same group of researchers after three years of monitoring with biomarkers to evaluate Pentachlorophenol (PCF) contamination and its toxic effects in the biotic components of the Bío-Bío river.

In this area, PCF is highly used in forestry and its industrial discharge reaches this river. The conclusion is that the usefulness of these biomarkers to determine the contamination of the river is debatable.

Another study was conducted in 1993 (R. Tamayo et al.) to detect contamination from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Corral Bay, Region X. Samples were collected from mussels (Mytilus Chilensis) that showed the presence of 15 organochlorine compounds, including endrin and dieldrin, the levels of which were above the MPL. The concentrations of PCBs were much lower than the MPL according to international standards.

This study demonstrates that despite restrictions on the use of these products, the residues in aquatic organisms and their environment may persist for a long time, posing a public health hazard due to their high toxicity.

Regarding dioxins, furans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs), there is only one environmental impact assessment that demonstrates their presence as a part of the productive process in the cellulose industry and in thermoelectric plants responsible for contamination of soils and waterways; to date, there is no control of these products.

In Chile, there was no information on acute pesticide poisoning, since everything was recorded as poisoning from nonspecific causes. In 1993, this led to the creation of the Pesticides Network with the participation of the health services from Region IV to Region X, the Ministry of Health, the Institute of Public Health, and the University of Concepción. The objective was to develop and implement an Epidemiological Surveillance System on the Acute Effects of Pesticides.

In 1996, 537 (?) cases were reported and in 1997, 636 cases. The sources of information are hospitals in the health services, primary care (physicians’ offices, rural health posts), and the Mutual System (Administrative Agencies under Law No. 16,744 on Work-related Accidents and Occupational Diseases).

The most significant data in the 1997 reports are:

• Ten organochlorine poisonings, two of them from aldrin (a chemical banned in Chile since 1988).
• 68% of the poisonings are occupational, specifically in the agricultural and fruit sector.
• 47% of those poisoned needed hospitalization.
• Mortality of 3%.

The reporting card used nationally is attached.

In general, there are few studies conducted on chronic poisoning associated with pesticides or other chemicals, including POPs.

The only study that has dealt with pesticides is the study conducted at the Regional Hospital of Rancagua in Region VI where the primary activity is agriculture. This study (Mella, Victoria. 1990) did a prospective follow-up of newborns with birth defects between the years 1975 and 1977, in comparison with the period 1988-1990 and national figures. The findings reveal that the prevalence of multiple malformations is nearly twice the national figure and the rate of malformations in stillborns is almost three times the national figure. This is associated with a history of occupational pesticide exposure for the mother and/or the father. During the period, the use of pesticides increased considerably, as 60% of the products imported to Chile are used in this area.

Berquist, Enrique; González, Sergio. Efectos de los pesticidas en ser humano: el grado de persistencia en el ambiente es el que les da la característica de mayor a menor toxidad.

Santiago: no number, 1983.5 pp.; tables.

Deals with the three groups of most common pesticides: chlorinated, phosphorated, and carbamates. Refers to the specific persistence of each group and to the toxic properties for human beings. Gives some precautionary standards for use and antidotes to be applied in case of poisoning. Includes a table of the major pesticides, the group to which they belong, the common trade name, the persistence, use, and values of the median lethal dose (LD 50) and admissible daily intake (ADI) of each of them.

PESTICIDES; EFFECTS ON MAN; POISONING; TOXICITY; CL

Chile. Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute. DDT: química descontrolada. Santiago: no number, 1985, 5 pp.; illus.; 6 refs.

Deals with the environmental impact of popular DDT, an insecticide widely utilized since World War II. Analyzes regulations on the manufacture and use of DDT, emphasizing exports by countries where this insecticide is banned or severely restricted, and the imports of underdeveloped countries with less restrictive laws. Also analyzes the Chilean situation with respect to DDT and pesticides in general.

PESTICIDES; DDT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; LEGAL ASPECTS; CL

Chile. Chamber of Commerce of Santiago. Importación de plaguicidas en 1985 mencionadas en la docena maldita.. Santiago: Chamber of Commerce of Santiago, 1986, 6 pp.; tables.

Statistically presents Chilean imports of pesticides, in quantities and values, including some of the pesticides in the "dirty dozen" group. Tables contain the type of product, its origin, imports, and amount expressed in kilograms or liters, as well as the manufacturer, type of pesticide and dollar value.

PESTICIDES; IMPORTS; DIRTY DOZEN; STATISTICAL TABLES; CL

López, Roberto. Pesticides: Un mal necesario. s.l.: no number., 1983. 3 pp.

Presents the problems associated with the use of pesticides in general and DDT in particular as a result of their toxic and polluting nature. However, the author feels that their use is necessary. Existing legislation in Chile is analyzed with respect to the marketing of pesticides.

PESTICIDES; LEGISLATION; CL

Giulano Manzo, Juan. Plaguicidas una dependencia peligrosa. Santiago: AGRA, 1984. 67 pp., tables.; 4 refs.

Presents background and general information on safety and health-related aspects of pesticide use and handling.. Indicates some precautionary measures and the symptoms of poisoning. Emphasizes the international Dirty Dozen campaign and the volumes of pesticide imports in Chile.

DIRTY DOZEN; PESTICIDES; POISONING; IMPORTS; SYMPTOMS; PROTECTION STANDARDS; CL

Chile. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente. Informe sobre Plaguicidas en Chile. Santiago: AITVE, 1983. 50 pp.; illuss.; tables.

Research in Chile on pesticide use. Addresses important topics such as: the situation, marketing, development projects, alternatives to chemical control of pests, legislation, and a list of proposed courses of action. Also presents agricultural statistics on imports of chemicals banned by legislation in other countries. Cites the case of walnut trees and DDT residues in milk. Classifies the pesticides used in Chile and lists the producers, distributors, and importers of agrochemicals. Analyzes the publicity and marketing techniques of these companies.

PESTICIDES; MARKETING; BANNED PESTICIDES; HOUSEHOLD PESTICIDES; IMPORTS; LEGISLATION; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; PUBLICITY, CL

Dimitroff Djurovich, Natalia. Niveles de DDT y DDE en tejido adiposo y leche humana por cromatrografía de gases. Santiago: University of Chile, 1978. 60 pp.; tables.; 24 refs.

Research on the average population in central Chile. Seeks to obtain preliminary data on possible levels of contamination from organochlorine insecticides: DDT, and its principal metabolite DDE, in bodyfat and breast milk using gas chromatography. Also analyzes the influence of these levels of contamination on living organisms, with the resulting effects on health.

BREAST MILK; DDT; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; EFFECTS ON MAN; SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH; CL

Triviño A., Iván. Contaminación de leche materna, tejido adiposo de mujeres y leche de vaca por plaguicidas de alto poder residual. Santiago: Instituto de Salud Pública, s.d. 11 pp.; illus.; tables.; 15 refs.; 198

Research in Chile on the contamination of breast milk, bodyfat in women, and cow’s milk through the action of high-level residue pesticides such as DDT, HCH, heptachlor, etc. Metabolites of DDT were found in 100 percent of the samples. Includes comparative graphs of data obtained in this research and data obtained in other countries.

BREAST MILK; PESTICIDE RESIDUES; TOXICITY; CHLORINATED; CL

Dirección de Investigación U. de Talca No. 315-98. 1994-1996 (26)

Evaluación del contenido de cromo y pompuestos organoclora persistentes en el Río Claro (VII Región)" (T). J. Tapia (principal), S. Basualto, J. Villaseñor, C. Bertrán, S. Arévalo.

European Economic Community Project No. 93.310.001-4. 1995-1997 (31)

"Use of Biomarkers for evaluating effects of Pentachlorphenors in Bío-Bío river basin (Central, Chile)" (E) see map (31). O. Parra and S. Focardi (principal), R. Barra, J.F. Gavilán, C. Fossi, C. Leonzio.

D.I.U.C. No. 96.031.070-1.1. 1996-1998 (11)

"Estudio ecotoxicológico de peces costeros de la Octava región, Chile: Uso de biomarcadores de efecto y exposición" (E) see map (11). J.F. Gavilán (principal), R. Barra, E. Bay-Smith, J. Becerra.

Project DTIM 2784-8912, University of Chile.

Marcus Dita(1), Robert Paz(2). Incidencia de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Leche Materna de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos de la Región Metropolitana Santiago: University of Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos (1) y Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología y Química, Ciencias Químicas y Farmaceúticas.

R. Barra (1), J.F. Sparrow-hawk (1), O. Parra (1), S. Focardi (2), M.C. Fossi (2), C. Leonzio (2), J.C. Sánchez (2), S. Casini (2). Responses of Biomechimical Biomarkers in Chilean aquatic biota: the case of the Biobio river basin, central Chile. EULA-Chile Center, University of Concepción, Chile(1), Dipartamento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Siena, Italy.

Mujeres Temporeras del Argo, realidad de Región del Maule. Instituto de Investigacin y Desarrollo de la Educación, Universidad de Talca. 1998. aldrin.

Survey applied to company … of the region on pesticides utilized by them.

From its ... the use of aldrin (R).

Silva V.J., 1981. Effecto de dos pesticidas organofosforados sobre el desarrollo embionario y larval de Tetrapygus miger (Molina, 1782, Echinomodermata Arbocioida, ...) y Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782, Echinodermata, Echinordea, Echinidoe). Memoria de Título Biólogico Marino, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción.

S. Pantoja; L. Pastene; J. Becerra; M. Silva; A. Gallardo. "DDT’s in Balacnoptrids (cetacea) from the Chilean coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15, 1984, 451.

Razmilic B., Blago Presencia de pesticidas organoclorados (Aldrin,Lindano, DDT, endrin and dieldrin) en Aceitunas y aceites de Oliva. Valle de Azapa, Chile. 7 ref. ST-INIAB Idesia (Jan-Dec 1982) vol. 6. pp. 3-11.

OLIVE; OLIVE OIL; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; PESTICIDES; INSECTICIDES; RESIDUES; FIRST REGION.

Ciudad B., Claudio Determinación de compuestos organoclorados y sus metabolitso por cromatografía gaseosa. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. La Platina Experimental Station, Santiago 1981 pp. 33-34. 2. Symposium on Pollution of the Environment and its Incidence in the Agricultural and Livestock Sector, Santiago, Nov. 1981.

ST-INIAB INIA-130

CONTAMINANTS; PESTICIDES; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Borries L., Inga Von. Estandardización de la técnica de cromatografía en capa fina para deectar pesticidas organoclorados en tejido graso. Thesis (Vet. Med.) 39 refs. summaries (Eng. Sp.) Universidad Austral de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Valdivia 1984 30 pp. VA-UABCA.

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; BODYFAT; PESTICIDE; TISSUE ANALYSIS, RESIDUES; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION.

Ciudad B., Claudio; Moyano A., Stella. Determinación de organoclorados no ionicos en alimentos no grasos mediante un método de extracción por arrastre de vapor con reciclaje sobre isooctano (MAVRI). 4 ref. Summary (Eng.). ST-INIAB Agricultura Técnica (Jul-Sept 1984) vol. 44 (3) pp. 287-290.

FOOD; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; METHODS.

González S., Luz Julia. Establecimiento de un método de análisis rápido para pesticidas organoclorados en Merluccis gayi. Thesis (Vet. Med.) 21 ref. Summaries (Eng., Sp.) Universidad de Concepción. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Chillán 1982, 33 pp. ST-INIAB G643e 1982

FISH; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; PESTICIDES; RESIDUES; ANALYSIS.

Pinto C., Manuel; Monte, S. C., Luis; Tamayo C., Rafael; Cristi V., Raúl. Determinación de Residuos de Pesticidas organoclorados en carne bovina, cromatografía gas líquido. 13 ref. Summaries (Eng., Sp.) ST-INIAB Agro Sur (Jan-Jun 1986) vol. 14 (1) pp. 30-41.

BEEF; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; LIQUID GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Pinto C. Manuel; Montes S.C., Luis; Tamayo C., Rafael; Cristi V., Raúl. Determinación de Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en grasa peritenal de bovinos. 21 ref. Summaries (Eng., Sp.) ST-INIAB Agro Sur (Jul-Dec 1987) vol. 15(2) pp.62-74.

ANIMAL FATS; CATTLE; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES; CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Ciudad B., Claudio; Moyano A., Stella; Bustamante A., Elena. Residuos de Plaguicidas Organoclorados en fruta de Exportación: Uva, Nectarinos, Manzanas y Peras. 4 ref. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Santiago 1987 vol. 1. pp. 45-48. 5. Symposium on Environmental Pollution in Food, Santiago, 22-24 July 1987. ST-INIAB INIA 206

FRUITS, EXPORT PRODUCTS; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES; DESSERT GRAPES; NECTARINES; APPLES; PEARS.

Marcus W., Dita; Bustamante A., Elena. Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Leche Materna.. 6 refs. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Santiago 1987 vol. 1. pp. 89-92 5. Symposium on Environmental Pollution in Food, Santiago, 22-24 July 1987.

ST-INIAB INIA-206

PESTICIDES; RESIDUES; MILK.

Marcus W., Dita; Bustamante A., Elena; Bergqvist A., Enrique; Ciudad B., Claudio. Prospección Preliminar de Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Huevos de Gallina Leghorn.. 3 refs. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Santiago 1987 vol. 1. pp. 93-95.

5. Symposium on Environmental Pollution in Food, Santiago, 22-24 July 1987. ST-INIAB INIA-206

EGGS; PESTICIDES; RESIDUES.

Pinto C., Manuel; Montes S.C., Luis; Tamayo C., Rafael; Bravo E., Sergio; Cristi V., Raúl. Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Leches de Rebaños de la Provincia de Valdivia. 3 refs. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Santiago 1987 vol. 1. pp. 113-114. 5. Symposium on Environmental Pollution in Food, Santiago, 22-24 July 1987.

ST-INIAB INIA-206

PESTICIDES; RESIDUES; MILK; REGION X.

Santa María C., I.; Valdivia R. M.; Ober Z., G.; Carmi k.; J. Contenido de Pesticidas Organoclorados en coseta.. 4 ref. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Santiago 1987 vol. 1. pp. 131-133. 5. Symposium on Environmental Pollution in Food, Santiago, 22-24 July 1987. ST-INIAB INIA-206

BEET COSETA; ANIMAL FEED; PESTICIDES; RESIDUES.

Montes S.C., Luis; Mora F., Elizabeth; Crist V., Raúl. Estudio de Plaguicidas Organoclorados en huevos de consumo. 18 refs. Summary (Eng. Sp.) ST-INIAB Food (Jan-Apr 1989) vol. 14 (1) pp. 25-28.

EGGS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES.

Barra S., Mauricio Eduardo de la, Determinación del Contenido de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Alimentos para Ganado Bovino, por Chromatografía gas líquido. Thesis (Agric. Eng.) 71 refs.. Summaries (Eng., Sp.) Universidad Austral de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Valdivia 1987 110 pp. ST-INIAB B268 1987.

CATTLE; ANIMAL FEED; PESTICIDES; RESIDUES; LIQUID GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Pinto C.M.; Montes S.C., L.; Pinto V., M.A.; Cristi C., R.; Vergara D., G. Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Lecha Pasteurizada en 12 Plantas Lecheras, Chile. 42 refs. Summaries (Eng., Sp.), ST-INIAB Food (Aug-Oct 1989) vol. 14(3) pp. 31-35.

EGGS; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES; METROPOLITAN REGION.

Bergvist A., Enrique; Ciudad B., Claudio. Residuos de Pesticidas Organoclorados en Vacunos.

ST-INIAB Investigación y Progreso Agropecuario La Platina (Sept-Oct 1990) (No. 61) pp. 45-48.

CATTLE; ANIMAL FEED; TOXICITY; RESIDUES; PESTICIDES.

Ciudad B., Claudio. Manual de Técnicas Análiticas Oficinales para Pesticidas Organoclorados y Organofosgatados, en alimentos, tejidos y muestras ambientales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. La Platina Experimental Station, Santiago (1981) 53 pp., ST-INIAB INIA 228.

CONTAMINATION; FOOD: POLLUTION; PESTICIDES; ANALYSIS.

Pinto C. Manuel; Anrrique G., Roberto; Carrillo L., Roberto; Montes S.C., Luis; de la Barra S., Mauricio; Cristi V., Raúl. Residuous de Plaguicidas Organoclorados en Alimentos para uso Animal.. 29 refs. Summaries (Eng., Sp.) ST-INIAB Agro Sur (Jul-Dec 19990) vol. 18(2) pp. 67-77.

CATTLE; FOOD; PESTICIDES; RESIDUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY; REGION X

Pinto C., M; Montes, L.; Anrique G., R.; Carrillo L. R.; Tamayo C., R.; Cristi V., R. Residuos de Plaguicidas Organoclorados en Leche de Vaca y relación con alimentos para uso animal como fuentes de Contaminación.. 36 refs. Summaries (Eng., Sp.), ST-INIAV Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria (1990) vol. 22 (2) pp. 143-153.

MILK; ANIMAL FEED; HAY; CONCENTRATES; FORAGE; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; WASTE; PESTICIDES.

Tamayo, R.; Ojeda H.; Cristi, R.; Henriquez, O. Pesticidas organoclorados y bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) en Mytelus chilensis recolectados del a bahía de Corral, Chile. 23 refs. Summaries (Eng., Sp.), ST-INIAB Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria (1993) vol. 25(2) pp. 181-186.

WATER POLLUTION; RIVERS; PESTICIDES; SHELLFISH; CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION

Montes, L.; Tamayo, R.; Gesche, E.; Pinto, M.; Castro, R.; Schoebitz, R.; Cristi, R.; Aranda, X.; Sáez, L.; Dolz, H.; Silva, R. Determinación del Nivel de Residuos de Pesticidas, y Antibióticas en la Carne Bovina de la IX a X Regiones. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 1985.

Focardi, S. (1); Fossi, C. (1); Leonzio, C. (1); Corsolini(1); Parra, O.(2). Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Fish and Water Birds from the Biobio river, Chile. (1) Dipartemento di Biologia Ambientale, Via delle Cerchia 3, 531000 Siena, Italy - (2) Centro EULA, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.

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